Our results reveal a quite paradoxical view of pollination and a functional complementarity within networks. Niche and network indices mostly based on the occurrence of links showed that individual pollinators and pollinator species and networks were highly generalized, whereas indices of link strength revealed that species and above all individuals behave as quite strict specialists. However, because pollinator behavior may change with the abundance and the quality of resources even in small areas Dupont et al. Together, these processes would lead individual and species networks to be more generalized with high connectance the proportion of links that actually occur in networks, which increases with generalization and possibly high nestedness the degree to which specialist plants and insects interact with generalists plants and insects. On the other hand, in response to competition for resources, a subset of individuals may shift to other resources individual specialization even though other members of the population continue to forage on the original resources Bolnick et al. Individual specialization on different floral resources would lead to generalized species networks. Whether species networks mainly comprise either specialist or generalist individuals would have very different ecological consequences. Some studies provided evidence for the quantitative potential of pollen metabarcoding both with nuclear ITS and plastid markers rbcL, trnL, trnH; Keller et al.
Our results reveal a quite paradoxical view of pollination and a functional complementarity within networks. Niche and network indices mostly based on the occurrence of links showed that individual pollinators and pollinator species and networks were highly generalized, whereas indices of link strength revealed that species and above all individuals behave as quite strict specialists. However, because pollinator behavior may change with the abundance and the quality of resources even in small areas Dupont et al. Together, these processes would lead individual and species networks to be more generalized with high connectance the proportion of links that actually occur in networks, which increases with generalization and possibly high nestedness the degree to which specialist plants and insects interact with generalists plants and insects. On the other hand, in response to competition for resources, a subset of individuals may shift to other resources individual specialization even though other members of the population continue to forage on the original resources Bolnick et al. Individual specialization on different floral resources would lead to generalized species networks. Whether species networks mainly comprise either specialist or generalist individuals would have very different ecological consequences. Some studies provided evidence for the quantitative potential of pollen metabarcoding both with nuclear ITS and plastid markers rbcL, trnL, trnH; Keller et al.
Thus, specialization was lower than expected under H1 simply because metabarcoding revealed many links that occurred both outside the study plots and before our sampling period Breadth et al. Evolution of niche width. Ecology Letters, 14, — Gastric cancer ketogenic diet Hive and the Honey Bee — Canadian Journal of Botany, 75, pollinator How does pollen chemistry impact can and feeding behaviour of polylectic bees? Specialization asymmetry: the inherited to diet specialists plants and insects interact with generalists plants and insects. Schneider, E. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto,